1954 Mystery Quake Came from ‘Eerily Quiet’ Cascadia Subduction Zone
A new study finds a 1954 earthquake that rattled Northern California was likely caused by the infamous Cascadia Subduction Zone. The linking of the magnitude 6.5 quake with this particular seismic zone is important, because the Cascadia Subduction Zone, which stretches from northern California to Vancouver Island in Canada, is not known to give off many small or medium quakes. In seismology parlance, the fault is “locked,” or unmoving. The last known rupture was a massive magnitude 9 earthquake in 1700 that caused landslides and an enormous tsunami that was so powerful that waves over 16 feet high (5 meters) hit Japan, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. In modern times, though Cascadia “has been eerily quiet,” one of the study’s co-authors said in a statement. “We don’t have smaller earthquakes, and that’s not something you usually see in subduction zones.” That lack of small earthquakes in the decades since scientists started monitoring faults with seismometers and other instruments means they have a limited sense of Cascadia’s behavior. But the new research suggests that the fault has possibly ruptured on a smaller scale within recent memory. The study re-evaluated a Dec. 21, 1954 quake that shook the Humboldt Bay, California area just before noon. Residents reported strong, rapid ground motion that toppled chimneys. Researchers had previously proposed 14 different epicenters for the quake. The new study honed in on Fickle Hill, a small forest community along a two-lane road not far from the larger city of Arcata. The researchers also found that the fault that caused the quake likely ruptured between about 6.8 miles and 8.7 miles (11 to 14 kilometers) below the surface. Arcata sits in a particularly interesting earthquake region. It’s not far from the offshore “triple junction,” where the Pacific oceanic plate meets the Gorda oceanic plate and the North American continental plate. It’s also in the transition zone between the San Andreas fault zone (where the North American plate and the Pacific plate slide past each other) and the Cascadia Subduction Zone (where the oceanic Juan de Fuca plate dives under the North American plate). Most quakes near Humboldt originate on the Gorda plate. But the Fickle Hill quake didn’t, the researchers found. Based on the depth and the direction of the earthquake waves, the quake instead seems to have come from the Cascadia Subduction Zone. That makes Fickle Hill one of only two known possible Cascadia quakes since 1700. (The magnitude 7.2 Cape Mendocino quake in 1992 might also have been a Cascadia quake, though that is still hotly debated.) The finding would suggest that Casadia does not have to rupture all at once, causing devastatingly huge quakes, but that it can also break in segments, creating smaller temblors. Though the new research doesn’t yet translate to any predictions of what Cascadia might do in the future, reviewing existing data can help improve scientists’ understanding of the area’s tectonics, ultimately helping improve their estimation of the earthquake hazard for the Pacific Northwest. Excerpted from a Live Science article by Stephanie Pappas published August 20, 2025
1925 PacNW Articles about J Harlan Bretz
In the course of writing her weekly “100 Years” column for the Ferry County View, Madilane Perry recently came across a couple of 1925 local newspaper articles about J Harlan Bretz and his work and theories from that time that she felt many of our members would find interesting. Click on each of the images to read the articles. We want to thank Madilane for sharing these interesting insights into the local perspectives of that time. Madilane Perry is a native of Ferry County WA with a long history in the area. Her byline is seen atop her weekly “100 Years Ago” column in the Ferry County View. She has dedicated countless hours to the Ferry County Historical Society and the local museum. She has extensive knowledge of the local history and has expertise in identifying artifacts and historical collections.
DNR Releases Stunning Dry Falls Visualization
DNR’s Daniel Coe collaborating with Joel Gombiner has produced a stunning arial oblique visualization and poster showing incredible detail of the Dry Falls geologic complex. The DNR webpage announcing the release also shows additional materials like sliders illustrating differences in image capture resolution and grayscale vs. color representation, as well as Bretz’s scaled line drawing sketch comparing the Dry Falls Complex to Niagara Falls.
IAFI Cheney-Spokane College Student Research Grants Available
The Cheney-Spokane Chapter of the Ice Age Floods Institute is offering $500 grants to support geologic fieldwork on Ice Age flood research in the Pacific Northwest. Open to undergraduate and graduate students in the U.S. and Canada, proposals are due by April 15 and must focus on Quaternary flood geology. Applications are reviewed for scientific merit, practicality, and impact. Lab costs for dating techniques are eligible, but funding excludes equipment, salaries, tuition, and travel. Submit your proposal (up to 4 pages) to cheneyspokane@iafi.org Progress report & field photos due the following February. 2025 IAFICS Student Research Grant Guidelines
“The Next Big One” – NOVA|PBS Short Video
NOVA|PBS is sharing a short 5:16 min) video, THE NEXT “BIG ONE” – The Next Big Earthquake Could Sink Parts of the Pacific Northwest. It contains a brief explanation of the potential timing, causes, and some effects of the impending and widely-feared next Cascadia Earthquake Zone rupture. It’s worth a watch for most anyone in the PacNW.
Greenland’s Subglacial Surprises: How Subglacial Breakouts Might Have Shaped Ice Age Landscapes
Recent discoveries in Greenland are reshaping our understanding of massive flood events beneath ice sheets, offering compelling new perspectives on the formation of some Ice Age Floods-related features. Two recent studies highlight an unprecedented sub-glacial flood in 2014, where a staggering 90 billion liters of meltwater unexpectedly burst through nearly 91 meters (300 feet) of solid ice. This previously undocumented phenomenon in Greenland involved a massive volume of water punching upwards, fracturing the surface, and creating a 2-square-kilometer (0.77 square-mile) crater 85 meters (279 feet) deep. Satellite data revealed that the ice surface dropped dramatically after having bulged from water pressure. Evidence downstream showed a heavily fractured area with large ice boulders and a scoured ice surface, indicative of immense erosive power. This event challenges previous assumptions that the base of ice sheets is always frozen solid and provides critical insights into the destructive potential of sub-glacial meltwater. While the iconic Missoula Floods are well-established as a result of glacial lake outbursts, this Greenland discovery suggests that other, perhaps more localized or intermittent, sub-glacial flood breakouts could have played a significant role in shaping the landscape during past ice ages. Such events could explain certain geomorphological features that don’t neatly fit the Missoula Flood narrative, such as Moses Coulee and possibly much of the Upper Grand Coulee, opening new avenues for research into the diverse origins of Ice Age Floods-related landforms. AI-condensed from articles in LiveScience by Ben Turner and ScienceAlert by Michelle Starr
Krystyna Wolniakowski – Volunteer Extraordinaire for Columbia River Gorge Chapter
It’s not every day you meet someone whose passion for conservation spans from local community efforts to international environmental policy. Krystyna Wolniakowski is one of those remarkable individuals, and the Columbia River Gorge Chapter is incredibly fortunate to have her as a dedicated volunteer. A Local Champion Krystyna is always ready to lend a hand, whether it’s a big project or a small task. She was a vital part of the team, alongside IAFI Membership Manager Lorrie DeKay and IAFI Store Manager Patty Hurd, that brought our “Gorge-ous Gathering” IAFI Membership Meeting to life last May. Beyond specific events, Krystyna is a trusted advisor, offering invaluable insights and feedback on many of the IAFI and Gorge Chapter initiatives. Her dedication to our local efforts is truly inspiring. A Lifetime of Impact Krystyna’s impressive background in environmental conservation and public service is evident in everything she does. As the Executive Director of the Columbia River Gorge Commission, she plays a crucial role in safeguarding the breathtaking scenic, natural, recreational, and cultural resources of the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. Her commitment to environmental stewardship extends far beyond the Gorge. She currently chairs the Klamath River Foundation, leading a successful multi-year project to remove dams on the Klamath River in southern Oregon—a monumental undertaking for river restoration. Krystyna is also a key member of the Romania Foundation, dedicated to developing sustainable tourism in Romania, and she contributes to the One Fly Foundation, which supports river restoration and fisheries health. Global Reach Krystyna’s career highlights showcase over 35 years of dedicated work in nature and landscape protection across the globe. Before her current role, she headed the Western Regional Office of the National Fish & Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) in Portland, overseeing conservation grant programs across seven northwestern U.S. states. From 1991 to 2000, she served as Director for Central and Eastern Europe at the German Marshall Fund of the U.S. There, she developed crucial environmental, economic, and democratic programs in numerous countries after the fall of the Berlin Wall. A standout achievement was her initiation of the Environmental Partnership for Central Europe (EPCE) program in 1990. This pioneering non-governmental grant program provided vital support to pro-ecological civil society organizations in Central Europe, including the Partnership for Environment Foundation in Poland. Krystyna Wolniakowski’s tireless efforts, both locally and internationally, exemplify a profound commitment to protecting our planet’s natural treasures. We are incredibly grateful for her contributions to the Columbia River Gorge Chapter and her enduring legacy in conservation.
Moses Coulee: An Ice Age Enigma
Washington state is famous for its dramatic landscapes, many carved by the immense power of the Ice Age Floods. We know the stories of the Grand Coulee, Palouse Canyon, and the Potholes. But tucked away in north-central Washington, cutting a path from northeast to southwest across the Okanagan Plateau, lies Moses Coulee – perhaps the most mysterious of them all. Unlike its famous cousins, Moses Coulee doesn’t quite fit the standard narrative. Its head seemingly emerges from beneath the Wisconsin Withrow Moraine, and its very formation presents a fascinating puzzle for geologists. Flood Theories and Questions: An Enigma The Grand Coulees (Upper and Lower) are widely believed to have been carved by the spectacular Missoula Floods. These colossal deluges were unleashed when the Okanagan Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet blocked the Columbia River, redirecting massive amounts of water southward. For Moses Coulee, it’s not so clear-cut. While cataract retreat due to massive floodwaters is generally assumed, most theories suggest the Okanagan Lobe effectively blocked the Missoula Floods from entering Moses Coulee. So, what carved this impressive landscape? Enter J. Harlan Bretz, the pioneering geologist who first championed the idea of colossal floods shaping the Pacific Northwest. Bretz observed a distinct wide bench within Moses Coulee, high above its floor. This led him to speculate about two distinct periods of glacial floods: An older, pre-Wisconsin “Spokane Flood” that initially carved Moses Coulee. A later Wisconsin period flood (what we now call the Missoula Floods) that deepened the coulee floor. Interestingly, current speculation suggests the Upper Grand Coulee might also owe its primary formation to these earlier “Spokane Floods,” with the Lower Grand Coulee being a product of the later Missoula Floods. It seems the story of Washington’s coulees is far more layered than once thought! Beyond Glacial Lakes: A Subglacial Hypothesis But wait, there’s another fascinating idea. Some investigators propose that Moses Coulee wasn’t carved by the well-known Missoula or Columbia glacial lake outbursts at all. Instead, they suggest outbreak floods from under the ice sheet itself. Joel Gombiner and Jerome Lesemann have explored this idea, suggesting that the immense pressure of the overlying ice lobe could have forced subglacial meltwater to flow uphill over topographic highs. This water would then have exited from under the ice, becoming the powerful floodwaters that sculpted Moses Coulee. Imagine that — floods erupting from beneath a massive glacier! Explore the Mystery Yourself The interplay between the Withrow Moraine and the unique features of Moses Coulee makes this a truly captivating area for exploration, especially for those intrigued by the raw power of ancient ice and water. To truly enhance your visit to this less-traveled gem, we highly recommend: Watching several of Nick Zentner’s insightful videos where he dives deep into these Moses Coulee questions. His engaging explanations bring the geology to life! Examining J. Harlan Bretz’s original field notes, meticulously organized in geolocated Google Maps by Glenn Cruickshank. It’s like stepping back in time with the pioneering geologist himself. Moses Coulee is more than just a landscape; it’s an ongoing geological debate etched into the earth. Are you ready to explore this remarkable natural mystery? AI-assisted article by Lloyd DeKay – Columbia River Gorge Chapter
IAFI Gorge-ous Gathering 2025 Explored the Columbia River Gorge
The 2025 Gorge-ous Gathering, the annual membership meeting of the Ice Age Floods Institute (IAFI), was an unqualified success! Hosted by the Columbia River Gorge Chapter, this year’s event treated nearly 150 participants to an unforgettable experience filled with geological exploration, natural beauty, and engaging presentations. Attendees enjoyed a diverse and packed program of discovery that included: Five immersive field trips: These excursions offered unique perspectives on the region’s geology, ecology, and cultural heritage. A lively membership meeting and dinner: A chance for members to connect, reflect, and look ahead. A captivating presentation by Nick Zentner: The renowned geologist enthralled the audience with his insights into J. Harlen Bretz’s groundbreaking Ice Age Floods theories. A post-field trip social gathering: An opportunity for attendees to unwind at Bargeway, a local pub, and discuss the day’s adventures. Exploring Wonders of the Gorge: Many first-time visitors were awed by the Columbia River Gorge, and by the Discovery Center which served as the main venue. The event also highlighted other local gems, including museums, wineries, and natural attractions. For the adventurous, there was even a wild and scenic whitewater rafting experience! The Columbia Gorge weather was characteristically warm and windy, except for the breezy and cool main field trip, and spirits were high throughout the event. The field trips were a definite highlight: Ice Age Floods of the Eastern Gorge: USGS geologists Jim O’Connor and Richard Waitt led a fascinating tour exploring the geology and iconic Ice Age Floods features of the eastern Gorge. Vineyards and Terroir: Renowned soil scientist Alan Busacca guided a tour of several local vineyards and wineries, illustrating how the unique “terroir”—including soil profile, precipitation, elevation, and exposure—contributes to an amazing spectrum of fine Gorge wines. Native Plant Walks: Native plant expert Barbara Robinson, who has dedicated years to reintroducing native plant landscapes at the Discovery Center, led insightful walks across the Rowena plateau and around the center’s grounds. Central Gorge Exploration: Local geologist Lloyd DeKay led a couple of trips, uncovering unusual geological features, sharing Native American cultural artifacts and stories, and even including a side trip to see a variety of exotic animals found in the central Gorge. Engaging Presentations and Community Spirit: Beyond the field trips, the Gorge-ous Gathering offered engaging presentations that fostered a strong sense of community, including: Nick Zentner’s Revelations: Always entertaining and dynamic, Nick Zentner captivated a near-capacity audience with his revelations about the observations, thoughts, and research that underpinned J. Harlen Bretz’s revolutionary theories on the Ice Age Floods. Welcomes: Krystyna Wolniakowski, Executive Director of the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, welcomed IAFI members with a brief overview of the Scenic Area’s importance. IAFI President Gary Ford then provided a concise recap of the Institute’s beginnings and history, followed by the re-election of officers. The IAFI Store, expertly managed by Patty Hurd, saw brisk business. Numerous volunteers generously offered their help with check-ins, bus monitoring, and countless other details that ensured the smooth operation of this multi-faceted event. Venue: The invaluable support and resources provided by the Discovery Center perfectly complemented the theme of the entire gathering. Looking Ahead to 2026 Prepare to Mark Your Calendars! The 2026 annual membership meeting will be hosted by the Ellensburg Chapter. They are already hard at work planning and arranging exciting field trips, presentations, and social gatherings to delight members and the general public. Keep an eye on the IAFI.org website for more information, especially after the first of the year, to ensure you don’t miss out on the next incredible IAFI gathering!
Palouse Falls State Park
Palouse Falls State Park, dedicated in 1951, is a 94-acre park showcasing the dramatic Palouse Falls and its unique geological history. The park is a popular destination for viewing the falls, which were formed by Ice Age floods and are a key part of the Ice Age Floods National Geological Trail. The falls were designated as Washington’s state official waterfall in 2014, thanks to the advocacy of schoolchildren from Washtucna. Palouse Falls is one of four of the last remaining year-round waterfalls on the Palouse River that once stood in the path of the ice age floods. It is rich in both geological and human history. The native Palouse Indians called it “Aput Aput” meaning “falling water.” They believed that it was created by the Great Spirit because of his displeasure with the wicked Indians who lived further upstream. This obstacle was a barrier that allowed the salmon to travel no further. Sam Fisher, a Palouse Indian, also tells the story of how four giant brothers and their giant sister used oil from beaver tails to keep their hair shiny. Needing more oil, they searched for the giant beaver and fought with him. All four falls on the river were made when the beaver slapped his tail. At the last battle at Palouse Falls, the beaver struck his tail one last time creating the falls and the bowl it falls into. The vertical cracks in the basalt were made by the claws of the beaver. Palouse Falls has made a powerful impression on all who have visited. For example, one of the fall’s earliest visitors, Laurence L. Dodd in 1867, described the site he saw this way: “just before descending the Snake River hill your eye rests on the grateful green bottom of the Palouse with its clear and pure waters, flowing into the turbid Snake and after ascending the Snake River hill to the northward and eastward, the eye sweeps over a vast extent of country rarely surpassed in rugged desolation and wildness.…” Dodd was accompanied by a few local citizens from Starbuck on horseback to witness the scene he described. Early access to the falls was either by train (many passenger trains would stop here for their passengers to look at the falls) or by coming in from the east side. Robert E. Strahorn, who built the railroad up the Palouse Canyon had the original idea of making Palouse Falls a State Park. But it was not until years later that Washtucna area resident and president of the Washtucna Community Service Club John H. Baumann really pushed the idea. In 1945, Palouse Falls State Park was created. It was dedicated on June 3rd, 1951. The 299 acres that make up the entirety of this vast park were donated by The Baker-Boyer National Bank of Walla Walla, J.M. McGregor of the McGregor Land and Livestock Company of Hooper, and Mrs. Agnes Sells, a resident of Washtucna. Palouse Falls State Park is located off Highway 261, which branches off Highway 260 out of Washtucna. The most popular season for visiting is in the spring when the river is at its highest from winter snow melt. However, each season has its own story to tell as these pictures show. Article by Lloyd Stoess, President IAFI Palouse Falls Chapter